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香港觀鳥會就最近禽流感蔓延的意見及建議(一) HKBWS's View 1
« on: Nov 5th, 2005, 1:19pm » |
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香港觀鳥會就最近禽流感蔓延的意見及建議(一) 2005年10月25日
回顧2005年禽流感爆發的經過
1. 印尼：過去兩年，禽流感H5N1病毒曾引致多人死亡，問題之一是當地農民似乎不願 意向當地政府及國際社會報告禽流感的爆發。
2. 泰國：發生一宗由感染禽流感H5N1病毒的雞隻傳染給人而引致死亡的個案。
3. 澳洲：在賽鴿中發現禽流感H5N1病毒。
4. 中國：今年在青海（五月）、新疆（七月）、內蒙古、安徽及湖南（十月）先後發 現禽流感H5N1病毒，在青海，當地部門在繁殖的雀鳥身上發現病毒，包括斑頭雁、 棕頭鷗、漁鷗及鸕鶿，而其他地區的禽流感病毒則多在農場的飼養禽鳥身上發現， 最近亦在非法偷運往台灣的禽鳥中發現。
5. 歐洲：羅馬尼亞、土耳其及希臘均發現禽流感病毒，大部份均在家禽飼養場中發現 ，在歐洲爆發的禽流感所引起的恐慌，正以前所未有的速度散播全球。
6. 香港：暫時仍未有任何個案發生，在本地留鳥及遷徙雀鳥中仍未出現與H5N1病毒有 關的異常行為，漁農自然護理署亦會不斷監察及測試野生雀鳥有否感染病毒，而本 港的家禽飼養場仍未有任何個案出現，香港的風險似乎仍處於低水平。
分析最近禽流感爆發的地區和時間，與及候鳥遷徙的路線，我們可以推斷中國內地 在暑假期間出現的禽流感正與歐洲的禽流感爆發有關，資料更顯示病毒可能透過野 生雀鳥貿易傳播。
亞洲及歐洲的雀鳥遷徙路線
亞洲及歐洲共有三條雀鳥遷徙路線：
1. 東亞遷徙路線：從澳洲至東南亞，途經香港，再北上經過中國大陸、東北三省及蒙 古，最後抵達西伯利亞。
2. 中亞遷徙路線：從印度出發，穿過或環繞青藏高原，抵達中國新疆及西伯利亞。
3. 西亞遷徙路線：從非洲，穿越歐洲及中東，抵達西伯利亞。
最極端的例子是兩種隼（小型猛禽），即阿穆爾隼及黃爪隼，牠們從非洲南部一直 飛往中國東北及西伯利亞。過去三年的秋天，曾有少量阿穆爾隼經過及停留香港。
HKBWS information and comments on Avian Flu (1)
25 October 2005
Review of Avian Flu outbreaks in 2005
1. Indonesia: There were several human causalities caused by H5N1 virus for a period of about two years. There seems to be a problem with the reporting system. Farmers were reluctant to report the outbreak to the government and the international community.
2. Thailand: 1 recent H5N1 death, contracted the virus from sick chickens.
3. Vietnam: 1 recent death, contracted from dead chickens.
4. Australia: H5N1 found in Pigeon that was used for racing.
5. China: This year H5N1 has been noted in Qinghai (May), Xinjiang (June), Tibet (Early August), Anhui, Hunan and Mongolia (October). The outbreak in Qinghai has been on breeding wild birds (Bar-headed Goose, Brown-headed Gull, Pallas’s Gull and Great Cormorant). The outbreak in other sites has been on captive birds in a farm. There was 1 death in Hunan, after eating dead chicken. H5N1 was also discovered in birds that were smuggled into Taiwan.
6. Europe: H5N1 has been detected in Romania, Turkey, Greece, and Croatia. Again the outbreaks were on captive birds in a farm. Because of the outbreak in Europe, the panic wave sweeps across the whole world, and has be magnified to un-precedent scale.
7. Hong Kong: There was no recent outbreak. Resident and migrant wild birds show no signs of abnormal behavior related to H5N1. Earlier this year, there was 1 dead Chinese Pond Heron tested positive for H5N1. Afterwards, out of 4400 life bird samples and about 500 dead bird samples, there was not a single case tested positive. There were also no reported outbreaks of H5N1 in poultry farms. Hong Kong seems to remain at a low risk area.
Based on the outbreak sites and time, there seems to be a good evidence that the Avian Flu outbreaks in China in summer is related to outbreaks in Europe, as explained in the migratory route below. The data also indicates that H5N1 can be transmitted through wild bird trade.
Main Migratory Routes in Asia and Europe
In Asia and Europe, there were three main migratory routes.
1. The East Asia route: Starting from Australia to SE Asia, through HK, then continue north through China mainland, then to Manchuria and Mongolia, finally to Siberia.
2. The Central Asia route: Starting from India, going through or going around the Tibetan Plateau, to China Xinjiang, to Siberia.
3. The West Asia route: Starting from Africa, going through Europe or Middle East, then to Siberia.
The most extreme is two species of Falcon (Amur Falcon and Lesser Kestrel) that migrate from South Africa all the way to Manchuria and Siberia. Amur Falcon passes through HK in Autumn in small numbers for the last three years.
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